The correct answer is Dental caries.

- Dental caries is a pathological condition characterized by the demineralization of the enamel, which is the hard, outer surface layer of the teeth.
- This process occurs due to the action of acids produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, particularly sugars.
- When the enamel loses minerals such as calcium and phosphate, it becomes weakened, leading to the formation of cavities or holes in the tooth structure.
- If left untreated, this can progress deeper into the dentin and pulp, causing pain and possible infection.

In contrast:
- Dental fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake during enamel formation, leading to changes in enamel opacity and structure but not primarily by demineralization.
- Enamel hypoplasia refers to a developmental defect resulting in thin or deficient enamel due to disruption during enamel formation, rather than mineral loss after formation.
- Attrition is the mechanical wearing down of enamel due to tooth-to-tooth contact, not related to demineralization.

Key point:
Dental caries involves acid-induced mineral loss from the enamel surface, making it the classic example of enamel demineralization.

Reference: Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist, 7th Edition, Chapter 5: Dental Caries/Page 140