During orthodontic treatment, the primary force applied to teeth results in biological responses in the surrounding tissues to enable tooth movement. Among the various anatomical structures involved, the alveolar bone undergoes the most significant remodeling.

Here is the detailed explanation:

- The periodontal ligament (PDL) acts as a cushion and transmits the forces from the tooth to the alveolar bone. While the PDL does experience some remodeling, its main role is to sense pressure and tension.
- The alveolar bone responds directly to the mechanical forces applied during orthodontics by undergoing resorption on the pressure side and formation on the tension side. This dynamic process allows the tooth to move within the jawbone.
- The dental pulp is relatively unaffected by orthodontic forces because it is enclosed within the hard tooth structure.
- The cementum can undergo minor remodeling, but changes are much less pronounced compared to alveolar bone.

Therefore, alveolar bone remodeling is essential for successful orthodontic tooth movement, as it enables the tooth to shift positions within the jaw.

Key points:
- Orthodontic forces generate pressure and tension in the PDL.
- Pressure side bone undergoes resorption.
- Tension side bone undergoes formation.
- Alveolar bone remodeling facilitates the actual movement of teeth.

Reference:
Proffit, W.R., Fields, H.W., Sarver, D.M. *Contemporary Orthodontics*, 6th Edition, Chapter 6, p. 150-160.