- The formation of a fibrous capsule around an implant is a common foreign body reaction that can compromise implant integration and function.
- Among various implant surface characteristics, surface porosity in the range of 50-200 µm has been shown to most effectively minimize this risk.

- Surface porosity (50-200 µm) allows for bone ingrowth and tissue integration into the implant surface, which promotes stable mechanical interlocking and biological fixation.
- This reduces micromotion and isolates the implant from the surrounding soft tissue, thereby decreasing the likelihood of forming a thick fibrous capsule.

In contrast:
- High modulus of elasticity does not directly influence biological integration; it primarily affects mechanical properties but can sometimes worsen stress shielding.
- Hydrophobicity tends to repel cell adhesion and proteins, which can impair tissue integration.
- Smooth polished finishes reduce surface area available for cellular attachment leading to increased fibrous encapsulation rather than integration.

Therefore, implant surfaces with controlled porosity mimic the natural extracellular matrix and facilitate osteoconduction and soft tissue incorporation, making them the preferred design to reduce fibrous capsule formation.

Reference: Brunler, W.C. et al., “Principles of Implant Surgery,” in *Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery*, Volume 2, Chapter 12, pp. 345-350.