- The main consequence of improper handling of bone graft materials during surgery is reduced structural integrity.
- This occurs because bone grafts are highly sensitive to factors such as contamination, dehydration, and mechanical damage.
- When graft materials are mishandled, their microarchitecture and biomechanical properties can be compromised, leading to a weaker graft that may not provide adequate support or stability.

- Proper handling ensures that the graft maintains its osteoconductive scaffold, which is essential for new bone growth and integration into the host site.
- If the graft's structure is damaged, it can impair the healing process and reduce the overall success of the surgical procedure.

- While increased infection risk, delayed vascularization, and excessive inflammatory responses are potential complications in bone grafting, these are generally secondary or indirect consequences.
- The primary and most immediate concern with improper handling is the loss of graft integrity, which directly affects the function and longevity of the graft.

Reference: Orban's Oral Histology, 14th Edition, Chapter 11, Page 245