The patient’s chronic renal failure leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism, causing increased osteoclastic activity and bone resorption, known as renal osteodystrophy. This manifests as jaw pain and radiolucent "brown tumors" in the mandible, representing areas of fibrous tissue and osteoclastic resorption. These lesions are characteristic of the metabolic bone disease related to renal failure, distinguishing it from infection or neoplastic causes. Recognition of this condition is critical to avoid misdiagnosis and guide appropriate management focused on correcting mineral imbalances.

Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, Kumar et al., 10th Edition.