Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral cause of cervical cancer due to its ability to integrate into the host genome and produce oncoproteins E6 and E7. These oncoproteins inactivate tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and malignant transformation. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (especially HPV 16 and 18) is strongly linked to the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma. HPV detection and vaccination are key in cervical cancer prevention and management.

Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, Kumar, Abbas, Aster, 10th Edition.