Serological testing in clinical microbiology is primarily used to detect antibodies or antigens in patient samples. This allows identification of current or past infections by assessing the immune response or presence of specific microbial components. It is essential for diagnosing infectious diseases, guiding treatment, and epidemiological surveillance. Unlike biochemical tests, serology does not measure metabolic substances like glucose or electrolytes. The detection of antibodies indicates exposure to a pathogen, while antigen detection can confirm active infection.

Reference: Medical Microbiology, Murray et al., 9th Edition.