Preterm birth is a leading cause of perinatal mortality due to the infant’s underdeveloped organ systems, particularly the lungs and brain. Immature respiratory function increases the risk of respiratory distress syndrome, while neurological immaturity predisposes to intraventricular hemorrhage and long-term developmental issues. Additionally, preterm infants are more susceptible to infections and complications during the neonatal period. Effective management and prevention strategies focus on prolonging gestation and optimizing neonatal care.

Reference: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Kliegman RM, 21st Edition.