Vaginal adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium of the vagina, representing a primary vaginal cancer. It requires surgical excision with clear margins or radiation therapy depending on the stage. In contrast, Bartholin cyst is a benign obstructive lesion, cystocele is a pelvic organ prolapse, and vaginal atrophy is a non-cancerous mucosal thinning. Early recognition and appropriate surgical intervention in vaginal adenocarcinoma are crucial for improved prognosis and prevention of local invasion or metastasis.

Reference: Campbell-Walsh Urology, Wein et al., 12th Edition.