The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anesthetics. Patients often do not after believe they really need surgery, cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life

Read the passage below and select appropriate answers. The Hawthorne studies began in 1924 in a Western Electric plant near Chicago as a small-scale scientific management study of the relationship between light intensity and productivity. Curiously, the performance of a select group of employees tended to improve no matter how the physical surroundings were manipulated. Even when the lights were dimmed to moonlight intensity, productivity continued to climb! Scientific management doctrine could not account for what was taking place, and so a team of behavioral science researchers headed by Elton Mayo was brought in from Harvard to conduct a more rigorous study. By 1932, when the Hawthorne Studies ended, over twenty thousand employees had participated in the studies into one way or another. After extensive interviewing of the subjects, it became clear to researchers that productivity was that much less affected by changes in work conditions by the attitudes of the workers themselves, specifically between members of a work group.