dump — MCQ প্রশ্ন ও উত্তর

Microglial nodules in the brain are most characteristic of:

ক) Viral encephalitis খ) Bacterial meningitis গ) Multiple sclerosis ঘ) Alzheimer's disease

ব্যাখ্যা (Explanation)

Microglial nodules are clusters of activated microglia found in the brain, primarily seen in response to viral infections. They represent the brain's innate immune response to infected and damaged neurons. These nodules are especially characteristic of viral encephalitis, where they form around sites of neuronal injury and viral replication. In contrast, bacterial infections typically cause neutrophilic inflammation in meningitis, and the pathology of multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease does not prominently feature microglial nodules. Thus, the presence of microglial nodules is a key histopathological hallmark aiding in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis.

Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, Kumar, Abbas, Aster, 10th Edition.

Which of the following is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?

ক) Lewy bodies খ) Neurofibrillary tangles গ) Amyloid plaques ঘ) Pick bodies

ব্যাখ্যা (Explanation)

The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the presence of Lewy bodies, which are intracellular inclusions composed primarily of alpha-synuclein protein. These abnormal aggregates disrupt normal neuronal function and are predominantly found in the substantia nigra, leading to the characteristic loss of dopaminergic neurons and the resulting motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Lewy bodies are key in distinguishing Parkinson's disease from other neurodegenerative disorders.

Reference: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, Raymond Adams, 11th Edition.

The most common site for endometriosis is the:

ক) Ovaries খ) Fallopian tubes গ) Rectum ঘ) Bladder

ব্যাখ্যা (Explanation)

Endometriosis most commonly affects the ovaries, where ectopic endometrial tissue forms cystic lesions called endometriomas. These lesions often cause inflammation, fibrosis, and adhesions, leading to chronic pelvic pain and infertility. During surgery, careful dissection of ovarian cysts and preservation of healthy ovarian tissue are critical to maintain fertility. The ovary’s rich blood supply and hormone responsiveness make it the predominant site for implantation and growth of endometrial implants. Identifying and excising ovarian endometriomas is a key surgical step to reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence.

Reference: Williams Gynecology, Hoffman et al., 3rd Edition.