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- The correct answer is Right to Information Act, 2009 because it empowers citizens to seek access to information held by public authorities, including medical records maintained in government healthcare facilities.
- Under this Act, patients have the legal right to obtain copies of their medical treatment records to ensure transparency and accountability.
- Other legislations mainly regulate establishment standards or medical ethics but do not explicitly guarantee record access to patients.
- Hence, the RTI Act provides the statutory framework for patients’ entitlement to their medical records in government institutions.

Reference: Health Care Law, 2nd Edition, Volume 1, Chapter on Patient Rights, Page 152
- The correct authority to revoke a dentist's practicing license in Bangladesh is the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC).
- This is because the BMDC is the statutory regulatory body responsible for maintaining the standards of medical and dental education and practice.
- It has the legal authority to register, regulate, and discipline dental professionals, including revocation of licenses on grounds of unethical conduct.
- Other bodies, like the Ministry or Dental Association, do not possess direct regulatory powers over license revocation.

- The Mental Health Act, 2018 is the current legislation in Bangladesh that specifically regulates the treatment, rights, and care of mental health patients.
- It replaced the outdated Mental Health Ordinance, 1986 and introduced modern standards aligned with human rights principles.
- This Act ensures protection against discrimination, access to treatment, and safeguards the rights of individuals with mental illnesses.
- Other laws, like the Bangladesh Disability Act, 2013, address broader disability rights but do not focus exclusively on mental health.
- Hence, the Mental Health Act, 2018 is the primary legal framework for mental health care in Bangladesh.
- The ethical principle of Non-maleficence signifies a dentist's obligation to avoid causing harm to patients.
- It is a fundamental duty in healthcare to ensure that treatments or procedures do not inflict unnecessary injury or suffering.
- Unlike beneficence, which focuses on doing good, non-maleficence emphasizes preventing harm.
- This principle guides dentists to carefully consider risks and minimize potential negative outcomes in patient care.

Reference: Glick, M. (Ed.). Ethics and Law in Dental Medicine, 3rd Edition, Chapter 2, p. 27-30

- The Children Act, 2013 is the primary legislation in Bangladesh that provides comprehensive legal protection for children, including their health and welfare.
- It specifically addresses the rights and safeguards of children, ensuring access to necessary healthcare services.
- This act includes provisions relevant to dental healthcare as part of child welfare, mandating protection from neglect and ensuring proper medical attention.
- Other acts focus more narrowly on juvenile justice, sexual offences, or labor issues, but do not broadly cover children's healthcare.
- Under Bangladeshi law, healthcare professionals are bound by strict confidentiality rules governed by the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC) regulations and relevant privacy laws.
- Revealing a patient’s confidential information without consent is a serious breach of professional ethics and legal obligations.
- Such an action can lead to disciplinary proceedings by the BMDC, which may include suspension or revocation of the medical license.
- Additionally, there may be legal consequences under privacy legislation, emphasizing the protection of patient rights.
- This ensures trust in the doctor-patient relationship is maintained.

Reference: Medical Ethics and Law in Bangladesh, Vol. 1, Chapter 3, p. 45-47

ফ্রিতে ২ লাখ প্রশ্নের টপিক, সাব-টপিক ভিত্তিক ও ১০০০+ জব শুলুশন্স বিস্তারিতে ব্যাখ্যাসহ পড়তে ও আপনার পড়ার ট্র্যাকিং রাখতে সাইটে লগইন করুন।

লগইন করুন
- The Consumer Rights Protection Act, 2009 specifically safeguards patients by treating medical services as consumer services.
- It provides legal protection against unethical practices and negligence by healthcare professionals.
- This act ensures patients can seek redressal and compensation for malpractice or unethical conduct, making it a pivotal law for patient rights in Bangladesh.
- Other acts focus more on regulation or registration rather than direct patient protection.

Reference: Medical Jurisprudence and Ethics, Volume 1, Chapter 5, Page 78
- Maintaining patient confidentiality is primarily mandated under the BMDC Code of Ethics as it outlines the professional and ethical responsibilities of medical practitioners in Pakistan.
- The Code emphasizes the importance of protecting patient privacy and maintaining trust in the doctor-patient relationship.
- Unlike legal acts or regulatory guidelines that focus on legalities or drug control, the BMDC Code specifically governs ethical conduct and confidentiality standards for doctors.
- This ensures that personal patient information is handled with the utmost discretion and respect.
- The correct answer is Penal Code 1860, Section 304A because it specifically deals with causing death by negligence.
- This section criminalizes acts of rashness or negligence that lead to the death of a person, including medical negligence by healthcare providers.
- Other options regulate healthcare standards and institutions but do not provide direct legal grounds for prosecution for death by negligence.
- Thus, Section 304A is the primary legal provision for holding healthcare providers criminally accountable in such cases.
- The correct answer is The concept of informed consent under BMDC guidelines because the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC) explicitly mandates that patients must give voluntary and informed permission before any medical intervention.
- This ensures respect for patient autonomy, ethical treatment, and legal protection for both patients and healthcare providers.
- Other regulations like the Patients’ Rights Act do not specifically mandate informed consent as clearly as the BMDC guidelines.
- Thus, the BMDC guidelines are the primary authoritative source governing informed consent in Bangladesh.
- The BMDC Act, 2010 serves as the main regulatory framework for medical and dental practitioners in Bangladesh because it establishes the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC), the official authority responsible for licensing, registration, and regulation of medical and dental professionals.
- This Act ensures the standardization of medical education and practice, promoting ethical and professional conduct.
- It is the latest and most comprehensive legislation governing the medical and dental professions, replacing earlier laws.
- The Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC) is the authoritative body responsible for the registration and regulation of dental practitioners in Bangladesh.
- It ensures that dental professionals meet the required educational and ethical standards to practice legally.
- Unlike the Bangladesh Dental Association, which is a professional body, BMDC holds the statutory power to grant licenses and maintain the official registry.
- This regulatory role includes overseeing dental education, licensing, and professional conduct to safeguard public health.
- Identical twins have the same DNA sequence because they originate from a single fertilized egg.
- This means their blood group and eye color are typically identical. However, fingerprints differ due to unique environmental factors affecting skin development in the womb.
- These factors create distinct ridge patterns, making fingerprints a reliable identifier even in identical twins.

Reference: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Chapter 4, Page 48.
- Fruits do not have the anatomical structures necessary to cause bite marks on the skin, such as teeth.
- In contrast, rodents, dogs, and insects possess teeth or mandibles capable of inflicting distinct bite marks or punctures.
- Therefore, only living agents with biting mechanisms can cause such injuries.

Reference: Knight's Forensic Pathology, Volume 1, Chapter 5, Page 123
- Forensic odontology primarily involves the use of dental knowledge to aid legal investigations.
- One key application is the determination of age from dental records, teeth development, and eruption patterns, especially in unidentified bodies or living individuals with unknown age.
- This is crucial in establishing identity or legal status.
- Other options like diagnosis or treatment focus on clinical dentistry, not forensic purposes.

Reference: Forensic Odontology, B.R. Rao, Volume 1, Chapter 2, Page 15.
- The case control study is most appropriate for investigating uncommon diseases because it starts with identifying cases that already have the disease and compares them to controls without the disease.
- This design is efficient and cost-effective for rare conditions, as it requires fewer subjects and retrospective data collection.
- In contrast, prospective cohort studies or randomized controlled trials require large sample sizes and long follow-up, making them impractical for uncommon diseases.

Reference: Gordis, L. *Epidemiology*, 5th Edition, Chapter 4, Page 75-80

ফ্রিতে ২ লাখ প্রশ্নের টপিক, সাব-টপিক ভিত্তিক ও ১০০০+ জব শুলুশন্স বিস্তারিতে ব্যাখ্যাসহ পড়তে ও আপনার পড়ার ট্র্যাকিং রাখতে সাইটে লগইন করুন।

লগইন করুন
- A descriptive study is not classified as a cohort study because it primarily aims to describe characteristics or outcomes in a population without assessing exposure-outcome relationships.
- In contrast, cohort studies (prospective, retrospective, historical) involve following groups based on exposure status over time to determine the incidence of outcomes.
- Thus, cohort studies are analytical, while descriptive studies do not investigate causality or exposure effects.

Reference: Gordis, Epidemiology, 5th Edition, Chapter 6, p.117-120
- A dentist must maintain professional integrity by prioritizing patient care above external influences.
- Party politics can introduce bias or conflicts that compromise objective decision-making and ethical responsibilities.
- Unlike personal financial gain or treatment protocols, which are directly related to care, politics are irrelevant and may detract from focusing on the patient's best interests.
- Therefore, dentists should avoid allowing political views to interfere with their professional duties to ensure unbiased, ethical treatment.

Reference: Ethics in Dentistry, Vol. 1, Chapter 3, p. 45
- The correct answer is The police because ownership of dental records legally belongs to the dentist or the dental clinic that created the record.
- The patient has the right to access their records but does not own them.
- The police may request or seize records under legal authority, but they do not have ownership rights.
- Ownership implies control and responsibility for the record, which only the treating dentist or dental clinic owner hold.

Reference: Grossman’s Endodontic Practice, 13th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 3, Page 45
- The statement "Entries must be clear, concise, and free of unnecessary blank spaces" is incorrect because medical records should avoid completely eliminating blank spaces, as leaving some space can prevent unauthorized additions later and maintain record integrity.
- Proper documentation requires clear, concise entries dated and signed by the physician, and alterations must be made by striking through errors without erasing to preserve transparency.
- Maintaining confidentiality is mandatory to protect patient privacy.

Reference: Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 13th Edition, Chapter 2: Medical Records, p. 30-32
- The correct answer is Option 2: Financial information related to the patient's treatment because a medical record is primarily focused on clinical and health-related information necessary for patient care.
- Financial details are administrative and billing-related and typically maintained separately to protect patient confidentiality and ensure clarity of medical data.
- Including financial information in the medical record may lead to unnecessary exposure of sensitive non-clinical data and can complicate clinical decision-making.

Reference: Medical Records and Health Information Management, 3rd Edition, Chapter 4, Page 89
- The correct answer is Right to miss an appointment without notification because patients are expected to inform healthcare providers if they cannot attend scheduled appointments.
- This ensures efficient management of resources and allows the provider to offer care to other patients.
- Unlike rights to informed consent, confidentiality, and respectful care, no patient right exists to miss appointments without prior notice.
- Maintaining communication is essential for quality care and system efficiency.

Reference: Medical Ethics and Patient Rights, Vol. 2, Chapter 4, p. 56
- Managing a patient while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol is considered Criminal negligence because it involves a willful disregard for the safety and well-being of the patient.
- This behavior shows a gross deviation from the standard of care expected from a medical professional, potentially causing harm.
- Unlike medical malpractice, which is often due to errors or omissions, criminal negligence implies reckless conduct with conscious disregard of risk.
- This can lead to legal consequences beyond civil liability.

Reference: Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, Vol.1, Chapter 4, p. 87
- Sharing patient photographs and surgical details without consent is an Intentional tort because it involves a deliberate act violating the patient's right to privacy and confidentiality.
- Unlike negligence, which implies unintentional harm, this act is purposeful and harms the patient’s autonomy and trust.
- It is distinct from medical malpractice, which relates to substandard care, and breach of contract, which involves failure to fulfill agreed terms.
- Protecting patient privacy is a fundamental legal and ethical obligation in healthcare.

Reference: Medical Law and Ethics, 5th Edition, Vol. 1, Chapter 4, p. 85
- The removal of an incorrect tooth during dental treatment constitutes criminal negligence because it involves a gross deviation from the standard of care expected from a dental professional.
- This act shows a reckless disregard for patient safety, leading to harm.
- Unlike simple negligence, criminal negligence includes willful neglect or carelessness that poses a serious risk to the patient.
- Therefore, it is punishable under criminal law due to the severity of the breach and damage caused.

Reference: Medical Jurisprudence and Ethics, Vol. 1, Chapter on Medical Negligence / Page 45
- The total length of DNA in a single human nucleus is approximately 1 meter because each human cell contains about 6 billion base pairs.
- When fully stretched, DNA is incredibly thin but long, measuring roughly 0.34 nanometers per base pair.
- Multiplying this by the number of base pairs results in a length close to 1 meter.
- This demonstrates how DNA is highly compacted within the nucleus through complex packaging mechanisms.

Reference: *Molecular Biology of the Cell*, 6th Edition, Alberts et al., Chapter 1, Page 20.

ফ্রিতে ২ লাখ প্রশ্নের টপিক, সাব-টপিক ভিত্তিক ও ১০০০+ জব শুলুশন্স বিস্তারিতে ব্যাখ্যাসহ পড়তে ও আপনার পড়ার ট্র্যাকিং রাখতে সাইটে লগইন করুন।

লগইন করুন
- The primary medicolegal significance of teeth in forensic investigations is their use in identifying individuals through bite mark analysis.
- Teeth patterns are unique to each person, much like fingerprints, making bite marks reliable evidence in criminal cases.
- This method helps link suspects to crimes or victims and can be crucial when other means of identification are unavailable.
- While age estimation and disease diagnosis are valuable, they are not the main medicolegal application.
- Thus, dentition serves as a key tool for personal identification in forensic science.

Reference: Kapur KK. Forensic Odontology. In: *Textbook of Oral Medicine and Radiology*, Vol. 1, Chapter 12; Page 185-190.
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